1、 Foreign object entering the eye
Any small object or liquid, even a grain of sand or a drop of detergent, entering the eyes can cause eye pain and even damage the cornea.
First aid method: First, blink vigorously and frequently to flush out the foreign object with tears. If it doesn’t work, pinch the eyelids and rinse the eyes under the faucet. Be sure to remove contact lenses.
Absolutely prohibited: Do not rub your eyes, as any small foreign object can scratch the cornea and cause infection. If a foreign object enters a deeper area of the eye, it is important to seek medical attention immediately and seek medical attention.
Warning: If corrosive liquid splashes into the eyes, it is necessary to go to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment immediately; If there is still discomfort in the eyes after self treatment, such as burning, edema, or blurred vision, it is also necessary to seek medical treatment with professional equipment and not act rashly.
2、 Sprain
When the ligaments around the joint are stretched too severely beyond their capacity, sprains can occur, often accompanied by bruises and edema.
First aid method: Within 24 hours of the sprain, try to apply cold compress with ice packs every hour, for half an hour each time. Wrap the injured area with an elastic compression bandage and elevate the injured area. After 24 hours, start applying hot compress to the affected area to promote blood circulation in the injured area.
Absolute prohibition: Do not move injured joints at will, otherwise it is easy to cause ligament tears and recovery is relatively difficult.
Warning: If after several days of self treatment and rest, the affected area still feels painful and has difficulty moving, it may be a fracture, muscle strain, or ligament rupture, and immediate medical attention is needed.
3、 Nosebleeds
Nose bleeding is caused by the rupture of blood vessels in the nasal cavity, which are very fragile. Therefore, nosebleeds are also a common minor accident.
First aid method: Lean forward slightly and pinch the cartilage area below the bridge of the nose with your fingers for about 5-15 minutes. If conditions permit, placing a small ice pack on the bridge of the nose can also have a rapid hemostatic effect.
Absolutely prohibited: The position of forcefully tilting the head back will cause nasal blood to flow into the mouth, and in panic, some blood will inevitably be sucked into the lungs, which is neither safe nor hygienic.
Warning: If nosebleeds continue to flow for 20 minutes but cannot be stopped, the patient should immediately seek medical attention from a doctor. If the frequency of nosebleeds is too frequent and without any reason, or accompanied by other symptoms such as headache, tinnitus, decreased vision, and dizziness, it is also necessary to go to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment, as this may be a brain concussion or serious injury.
4、 Burn
Burns are divided into three levels: first level burns can cause the skin to turn red and tingle; After a second level burn occurs, obvious blisters will be seen; A third degree burn can cause the skin to break and turn black.
First aid: Once a burn occurs, immediately place the burned area under flowing water for rinsing or apply cold compress with a cool towel. If the burn area is large, the injured person should soak their entire body in a bathtub filled with cold water. You can wrap gauze or bandages loosely around the burned area to protect the wound.
Absolute prohibition: Do not use ice compress to treat burns, as ice can damage damaged skin and worsen the wound. Don’t break the blister, otherwise it will leave a scar. Do not apply antibiotic ointment or oil to the wound casually, as these sticky substances can easily contaminate dirt.
Warning: Third level burns, electric shock burns, and chemical burns must be treated at the hospital. Additionally, if a patient experiences coughing, tears in their eyes, or difficulty breathing, professional medical assistance is needed. If the area of a second level burn is larger than the palm of the hand, the patient should also go to the hospital for treatment. Professional treatment can avoid leaving scars.
5、 Suffocation
True suffocation rarely occurs in real life, and choking on water or food is generally not considered suffocation. When suffocation occurs, the patient will not have a strong cough, cannot speak or breathe, and their face will quickly turn red or cyan purple.
First aid method: First, quickly call an ambulance. While waiting for the ambulance, the following measures need to be taken: tilt the patient’s body forward and use the palm of the hand to forcefully pat the position between the patient’s back and shoulders. If it doesn’t work, then you need to stand behind the patient, use your fist to press against the patient’s abdomen and back, hold the fist with your other hand, push up and down forcefully five times to help the patient breathe. Patients can also take self rescue measures such as pressing their abdomen against a hard object, such as a kitchen countertop, and then forcefully squeezing their abdomen to allow the stuck object in their throat to pop out.
Absolute prohibition: Do not feed water or other food to patients who are coughing.
Warning: If suffocation occurs, it is necessary to quickly call an ambulance to rescue the patient.
6、 Poisoning
Poisoning that occurs in households is generally caused by ingestion of cleaning and washing products, inhalation of carbon monoxide, or ingestion of insecticides.
First aid method: If the patient is already unconscious or has difficulty breathing, they should quickly call an ambulance and be prepared to answer the following questions: what substances are ingested or inhaled, how much is the amount, the patient’s weight, age, and duration of poisoning.
Absolute prohibition: calling an ambulance until symptoms appear often delays treatment time. During the waiting process for assistance, do not give the patient anything to eat or drink, and do not attempt to help induce vomiting, as some toxic substances may harm the patient’s other organs during the vomiting process.
Warning: If poisoning occurs, it is necessary to quickly call an ambulance to rescue the patient.
7、 Head attack
The skull itself is very hard, so external forces rarely cause damage to the skull. If the external force is too strong, the fragile blood vessels in the neck, back, and head become “sacrifices”.
First aid: If you have a lump on your head, applying an ice pack to the affected area can reduce swelling. If the head begins to bleed after being hit, the same treatment as for a cut is to use a clean towel to press the wound to stop bleeding, then go to the hospital to suture the wound and check for internal injuries. If the injured person faints, then it is necessary to call for ambulance speed to take them to the hospital without any delay.
Absolute prohibition: Do not let the injured person fall asleep alone. Within 24 hours of being injured, it is necessary to have someone accompany the injured person. If the injured person falls asleep, they should be awakened every three hours and asked a few simple questions to ensure that they are not unconscious, have no intracranial injuries, such as a concussion.
Warning: When the injured person experiences convulsions, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, or obvious abnormal behavior, they need to be immediately admitted to the hospital for medical treatment.
8、 Explosive injury
1. If the eye is injured by an explosion, do not rub or rinse randomly. At most, drop an appropriate amount of anti-inflammatory eye drops and lie down. Call 120 or urgently seek medical attention if conditions permit.
2. If the hands or feet are injured and bleeding from firecrackers or other explosions, quickly use both hands to hold the bleeding area above it. If there is Yunnan Baiyao powder or Sanqi powder, it can be sprinkled to stop bleeding. If the bleeding is not only severe but also significant, use a rubber band or coarse cloth to tie the upper part of the bleeding site, raise the affected limb, and urgently send the patient to the hospital for debridement treatment. But the straps should be loosened every 15 minutes to prevent ischemic necrosis in the affected area.
9、 Finger cut injury
1. If there is less bleeding and the injury is not severe, a bandage can be applied to the wound after cleaning. It is not recommended to apply drugs such as red medicine or hemostatic powder on the wound, as long as the wound is kept clean.
2. If the wound is large and bleeding persists, the bleeding should be stopped first and then rushed to the hospital immediately. The specific hemostatic method is to wrap the wound with clean gauze, pinch both sides of the finger base and lift it high above the heart, as the blood vessels here are distributed on both sides. This gesture can effectively stop bleeding. The use of a rubber tourniquet will have a better effect, but it should be noted that the tourniquet must be relaxed for a few minutes every 20-30 minutes, otherwise it can easily cause finger ischemic necrosis.
10、 Cerebral hemorrhage
First aid mnemonic: Turn head to side
Typical symptoms: People with a history of hypertension may suddenly experience unclear speech or even coma due to a sudden drop in temperature or emotional excitement.
1. Family members should restrain their emotions and not shout or violently shake the unconscious person in order to wake them up, otherwise it will only worsen the condition rapidly.
2. Lying the patient flat on the bed, due to increased brain pressure, such patients are prone to jet vomiting. If the vomit is not cleared in time, it may lead to cerebral hemorrhage, coma, and suffocation of the airway due to vomit blockage, resulting in death. Therefore, the patient’s head must be turned to one side so that vomit can flow out of the mouth.
3. Family members can apply ice packs or cold towels to the patient’s forehead to help stop bleeding and reduce cerebral pressure.
11、 Alcoholism
1. For unconscious individuals, ensure airway patency.
2. If the patient experiences vomiting, immediately place them in a stable lateral position to allow the vomit to flow out.
3. Keep the patient warm, especially in damp and cold conditions.
4. Check breathing, pulse, and reaction level, and immediately use cardiopulmonary resuscitation if necessary.
5. Place the patient in a stable lateral position, closely monitor the condition, and check and record breathing, pulse, and reaction level every 10 minutes.
12、 Hemorrhagic shock
First aid tip: closely observe to prevent blood loss.
Typical symptoms: Due to an accident, a large amount of blood is lost and blood pressure is zero.
1. For shock patients, it is important to pay attention that when using a stretcher to transport them to the treatment area, the patient’s head should be close to the person carrying the stretcher behind them, so that the shock patient can be closely monitored at all times to cope with the worsening of the condition.
2. On the way to the hospital, the patient’s head should be facing opposite to the direction of the vehicle carrying him (ambulance, airplane, etc.) to avoid further blood loss in the patient’s brain due to acceleration.
3. If the person in shock is a full-term pregnant woman, she should be placed in a lateral position, otherwise the fetus and the large uterus will compress blood vessels, leading to a decrease in cardiac blood flow and exacerbating shock.
13、 Burn
1. Use cold water to locally cool down for 10 minutes.
2. Cover with a clean, damp dressing.
3. When the wound is swollen, remove the watch, bracelet, ring, etc., gently fix and wrap the dressing, being careful not to be too tight.
4. Tie a bandage on the opposite side of the wound.
14、 Burn treatment
1. If the skin at the burned area is still intact, local cooling should be done as soon as possible. If placed under the faucet, rinse for about 10 minutes. This will take away local tissue heat and reduce further damage.
2. Wrap the wound with a soft, damp, and preferably disinfected pad. Be careful not to be too tight.
3. If the skin has been burned, cover it with a clean pad to protect the injury and reduce the risk of infection.
15、 Gastric perforation
First aid tip: Lie on your left side.
Typical symptoms: Patients with gastric ulcers may suddenly experience unbearable severe abdominal pain, and the abdomen becomes hard and swollen, which is highly likely to cause sudden gastric perforation.
During the Spring Festival, patients with gastric ulcers are prone to developing gastric perforation due to emotional fluctuations or binge eating. Once these symptoms occur, the possibility of gastric perforation should be immediately considered. Before the ambulance arrives, the following points should be done:
1. Don’t roll around with your stomach covered, lie on the bed facing to the left. The reason is that the perforation site is mostly located on the right side of the stomach. Lying on the left side can effectively prevent stomach acid and food from further flowing into the abdominal cavity, leading to worsening of the condition.
2. If medical staff are unable to arrive in a timely manner, but there are some simple medical equipment on site, patients can insert gastric tubes themselves. Specific method: Insert the gastric tube into the nostril, reach the throat, and swallow vigorously while exhaling, swallowing the gastric tube into the stomach. Then use a syringe to extract the contents of the stomach, which can reduce the degree of abdominal infection and save the patient treatment time. Remember that the patient must also lie on the left side at this time.
16、 Fish bone choking throat
1. Perform abdominal compression (if the patient is pregnant or obese, perform chest compression). If the patient is unable to stand, place them flat on a sturdy surface, sit cross legged on the patient’s legs and perform five abdominal compressions, then check for coughing up foreign objects.
3. When using your fingers to dig for foreign objects, only dig when you can see them, and do not blindly dig.
17、 Gas poisoning
When mildly poisoned, the patient feels dizzy, weak, nauseous, vomiting, and pale. Severe poisoning can cause breathing difficulties, convulsions, and coma. The first aid method is to immediately open the doors and windows, move the patient to a place with good air circulation, unbutton the patient’s clothes to ensure smooth breathing, and pay attention to keeping warm to prevent the formation of pneumonia due to catching a cold. Mild poisoning, you can give him hot tea, take deep breaths, and quickly send him to the hospital for rescue.
18、 Wood thorn
Pay attention to whether there are any wooden thorns remaining in the wound. As wooden thorns and other residues may cause the wound to become purulent, the punctured wound is often deep and narrow, which is more conducive to the invasion, reproduction, and infection of tetanus bacteria. Therefore, foreign objects must be removed to eliminate hidden dangers.
After inserting the finger into the wooden thorn, if the thorn has indeed been completely removed, you can gently squeeze the wound to squeeze out the blood stasis inside the wound, in order to reduce the chance of wound infection. Then disinfect the area around the wound with iodine once, apply alcohol twice, and wrap it with disinfectant gauze. If there are wooden thorns left in the wound, after disinfecting the area around the wound, forceps that have been burned or disinfected with alcohol can be used to pull out the wooden thorns completely. If the exposed part of the wooden thorn is very short and cannot be clamped with tweezers, a sterilized needle can be used to remove the outer skin of the wound, expand the wound appropriately, and make the wooden thorn as exposed as possible. Then, use tweezers to clamp the wooden thorn and gently pull it out. Disinfect the wound again and wrap it with clean gauze. To prevent wound inflammation, it is best to take 2 tablets of Xinnuomin, twice a day, for 3-5 days. When a wooden thorn is inserted into the nail, it should be taken to the hospital where the doctor first cuts the nail into a V-shape and then pulls out the wooden thorn.
Remember! After a deep wooden thorn injury, one should go to the hospital to inject tetanus antitoxin (TAT), just in case.