Emergency Self-Rescue and Mutual Aid for Snake and Insect Bites in the Wild

Outdoor emergencies, also known as wilderness emergencies, can occur anytime during mountain or wilderness travel. “No small matters in the wild”—even minor incidents can escalate into major emergencies. Here are the emergency treatments for snake and insect bites.

Snake and Insect Bites

In the wild, if bitten by a venomous snake or insect, the victim may experience immediate symptoms such as bleeding, localized swelling, and pain. In severe cases, shock can occur within hours, potentially leading to death if not treated promptly.

Immediate Steps for Snake Bites:

1. Stay Calm:
   • Keep the victim calm to slow the spread of venom.
2. Restrict Venom Spread:
   • Use a cloth, handkerchief, or tie to tightly wrap the area above the bite to prevent venom from spreading. Avoid wrapping too tightly to maintain blood flow. Loosen every 15-20 minutes for 1-2 minutes.
3. Incision and Suction:
   • Sterilize a knife: If no sterile tools are available, heat the knife over a flame to sterilize.
   • Make an Incision: Cut a small incision about 1 cm long and 0.5 cm deep near the fang marks.
   • Suction the Venom: Suck out the venom with your mouth, ensuring there are no cuts in the mouth. Spit out the venom immediately and rinse your mouth with clean water. Repeat several times.
4. Keep the Limb Low:
   • Position the affected limb below the heart level to prevent venom spread.
5. Cover the Wound:
   • Lightly bandage the wound with sterile gauze.
6. Seek Medical Help:
   • Transport the victim to a hospital as soon as possible for professional treatment and antivenom administration.

Immediate Steps for Insect Bites or Stings:

1. Remove the Stinger:
   • If stung by a bee, use a sterilized needle or tweezers to remove the stinger embedded in the skin.
2. Cold Compress:
   • Apply cold water or an ice pack to the affected area to reduce swelling and pain.
3. Neutralize the Venom:
   • Apply ammonia water to the wound. If no medication is available, wash the area thoroughly with soap and water, then apply vinegar or lemon juice to neutralize the venom.
4. Avoid Scratching:
   • Do not scratch the area to prevent infection and further venom spread.
5. Monitor for Severe Reactions:
   • Watch for signs of a severe allergic reaction, such as difficulty breathing, rash, or dizziness. Seek immediate medical attention if these occur.

Handling Shock and Performing CPR:

1. Maintain Open Airways:
   • Ensure the victim’s airway is clear to prevent suffocation.
2. Perform CPR:
   • Artificial Respiration: Lay the victim flat, tilt the head back, pinch the nose, and breathe into the mouth.
   • Chest Compressions: Place your hands on the lower sternum and press firmly at a rate of 80-100 compressions per minute, alternating with breaths at a ratio of 30:2.

Preventive Measures:

1. Wear Protective Gear:
   • Wear thick boots and long pants when entering areas known for snakes.
2. Use Lighting at Night:
   • Carry a flashlight and use a stick to clear the path ahead when walking at night.
3. Clear Campsites:
   • Remove tall grass, mud holes, and rock crevices near campsites to prevent snakes from hiding.
4. Know Your Surroundings:
   • Familiarize yourself with local venomous snakes and insects, and learn the appropriate first aid measures for bites and stings.

By mastering these emergency procedures, you can effectively respond to snake and insect bites in the wild, ensuring the safety of yourself and your companions.